Trump's 2025 Executive Orders
Holland & Knight’s Public Policy & Regulation team members are actively monitoring and reviewing President Trump's executive orders and other actions. This chart provides brief overviews of the numerous orders published by the Trump Administration. Click the title of each executive order to learn more.
Executive Order |
Date Issued |
Practice Area/Topic |
Short/Executive Summary |
1/20/2025 |
Energy, Environment |
This executive order puts forth a federal energy policy agenda that seeks to establish American energy dominance through a combination of new policy actions, as well as rescinding several executive orders from the Carter and Biden Administrations. These actions seek to support traditional energy exploration and production, reassess regulations that might hinder energy and economic development, revise the permitting process to fast-track traditional energy projects, promote domestic mining and processing of non-fuel minerals (including rare earth minerals), ensure adherence to legislation as it was written, and pause disbursement of funds made available under the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. |
|
1/20/2025 |
All |
This executive order revokes 78 actions and orders rolled out during the Biden Administration, intending to repair institutions and improve the economy under the policy plans of the Trump Administration. |
|
1/20/2025 |
Social Issues, Telecommunications |
This executive order establishes policies to prevent government interference in expressing constitutionally protected speech. It responds to concerns about prior governmental overreach, particularly through influence on social media companies, to suppress speech. The order outlines measures to address past misconduct and prevent future violations. |
|
1/20/2025 |
All |
This executive order issues a regulatory freeze on all executive departments and agencies to review pending and existing laws and regulations. The freeze mandates that unpublished rules be withdrawn and unenacted rules be delayed. During this postponement, the rules will be reviewed, and stakeholders will have the opportunity to provide comments on issues of fact, law and policy raised by the rules. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB), in addition to department and agency heads appointed by the president, will oversee the review process. |
|
1/20/2025 |
Government Administration |
This executive order freezes the hiring of federal civilian employees in the executive branch. Any federal civilian position that is vacant at noon on Jan. 20, 2025, may not be filled, and no new position may be created except as otherwise provided for in this executive order. However, this order does not apply to military personnel of the armed forces or positions related to immigration enforcement, national security or public safety. Nothing in this order shall adversely impact the provision of Social Security, Medicare, or veterans benefits. This order does not limit the nomination and appointment of officials by the president and the U.S. Senate or appointments to various non-career positions. |
|
Delivering Emergency Price Relief for American Families and Defeating the Cost-of-Living Crisis |
1/20/2025 |
Environment |
This executive order directs the heads of all executive departments and agencies to deliver emergency price relief to the American people by pursuing action to reduce the cost of housing, dismantle policies that drive up prices and promote job opportunities. These actions seek to restore American purchasing power and improve the quality of life for Americans. The assistant to the president for economic policy will report to the president every 30 days on the status of the implementation of this memorandum. |
Putting America First in International Environmental Agreements |
1/20/2025 |
Energy, Environment |
This executive order directs the U.S. to formally withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement and any related agreements or pacts under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It outlines steps to rescind financial and policy commitments to international climate initiatives with the goal of reorienting the country's focus towards economic efficiency and American prosperity in future international energy engagements. The executive order should not affect the authority of executive departments or agencies granted by law or the functions of the director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) relating to budgetary, administrative or legislative proposals. |
Withdrawing the United States from the World Health Organization |
1/20/2025 |
Healthcare |
This executive order withdraws the U.S. from the World Health Organization (WHO). The U.S. withdrew from the WHO in 2020 in response to what the president viewed as mishandling of global health crises such as COVID-19, failure to implement reforms, its inability to remain independent of negative political influence and unjust financial demands. The actions outlined by this order seek to improve public health and secure U.S. independence from the WHO by suspending support to the WHO, assigning new personnel to take over the activities previously handled by the WHO and establishing new U.S. leadership positions. |
Declaring a National Emergency at the Southern Border of the United States |
1/20/2025 |
Immigration |
This executive order declares a national emergency at the southern border of the U.S. due to the presence of threats, including cartels, criminal gangs, known terrorists, human traffickers, smugglers and unvetted military-age males from adversarial countries. It requires the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and the U.S. Armed Forces to determine and order the necessary amount of troops and resources to support the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in its effort to secure the southern border. |
Clarifying the Military’s Role in Protecting the Territorial Integrity of the United States |
1/20/2025 |
Defense |
This executive order clarifies the military's role in securing the U.S. borders against threats of invasion, unlawful forays by foreign nationals into the U.S. and other transnational criminal activities that threaten the nation's peace, harmony and tranquility. The order outlines actions for the secretary of defense and U.S. Armed Forces to take to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the U.S. along its national borders. This order shall not affect the authority of executive departments or agencies granted by law or the functions of the director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) relating to budgetary, administrative or legislative proposals. |
1/20/2025 |
Foreign Policy, Immigration |
This executive order suspends the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) until it is determined that the further entry of refugees aligns with the interests of the U.S. The order aims to strengthen the country's capabilities to handle threats to the safety, security and resources of Americans, as well as threats to the appropriate assimilation of refugees. |
|
1/20/2025 |
Immigration |
This executive order establishes a federal immigration agenda to preserve American citizenship by establishing a new policy agenda. These policy actions seek to withhold automatic American citizenship from individuals born in the U.S.: 1) when that person's mother was unlawfully present in the U.S. and the father was not a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident at the time of said person's birth or 2) when that person's mother's presence in the U.S. at the time of said person's birth was lawful but temporary (such as but not limited to visiting the U.S. under the auspices of the Visa Waiver Program or visiting on a student, work or tourist visa) and the father was not a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident at the time of said person's birth. |
|
1/20/2025 |
Immigration |
This executive order establishes a federal immigration agenda to secure the U.S. borders and address the threats posed by an unsecured border through new policy actions. These actions aim to secure the borders by implementing barriers, deterring illegal immigration, removing individuals who violate federal law and obtaining complete operational control of the borders. |
|
Putting People Over Fish: Stopping Radical Environmentalism to Provide Water to Southern California |
1/20/2025 |
Environment |
This executive order directs the secretary of commerce and secretary of the interior to resume previous Trump Administration efforts to redirect water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to Central and Southern California. It prioritizes the urgent need for reliable water supplies and improved vegetation management. This order aims to allow rainwater in Northern California and water flowing from northern snow melt to be more beneficial in the Central Valley and Southern California. |
1/20/2025 |
Law Enforcement |
This executive order directs the U.S. attorney general to pursue the death penalty for capital crimes and encourages state attorneys general and district attorneys to pursue capital punishment when applicable. The attorney general is also instructed to pursue federal jurisdiction and seek the death penalty regardless of other factors for every federal capital crime involving the murder of a law enforcement officer or a capital crime committed by an alien illegally present in the U.S. It also seeks to limit any hindrances to capital punishment by seeking the overruling of U.S. Supreme Court precedents that limit capital punishment authority. |
|
1/20/2025 |
Energy |
This executive order declares a national energy emergency and seeks to address this emergency by expediting energy and infrastructure projects; facilitating the supply, refinement and transportation of energy; and assessing vulnerabilities in the domestic energy sector. It aims to utilize domestic energy resources and international alliances to create more jobs, improve the energy trade balance and safeguard the U.S. against potential threats. Within this order, the term "energy resources" includes crude oil, natural gas, lease condensates, natural gas liquids, refined petroleum products, uranium, coal, biofuels, geothermal heat, hydropower and critical minerals, but neither solar nor wind resources are included. |
|
1/20/2025 |
Energy |
This executive order temporarily halts all offshore wind energy leasing within the Offshore Continental Shelf (OCS). It aims to address concerns related to marine life, ocean currents, wind patterns, energy costs and the fishing industry by directing a full review of existing federal leasing and permitting practices for both onshore and offshore wind projects. Federal agencies are instructed to pause issuing new or renewed approvals, permits, leases or loans for wind projects. |
|
1/20/2025 |
Defense |
This executive order increases vigilance in vetting and screening standards concerning immigration and visa-issuance across federal agencies. The secretary of state, U.S. attorney general, secretary of homeland security and director of national intelligence shall identify countries that warrant suspension of admission from its nationals and re-evaluate immigration programs to create stricter uniform baseline rules that protect the safety and security of the American people. Nothing in this order will affect the authority of an executive department/agency or the functions of the director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) relating to budgetary, administrative or legislative proposals. |
|
Establishing and Implementing the President’s Department of Government Efficiency |
1/20/2025 |
Government Administration |
This executive order establishes the U.S. Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) as an official federal agency, rather than a non-governmental advisory group as President Donald Trump initially announced. It outlines the president's DOGE agenda to modernize federal technology and improve governmental efficiency, as well as institutes new structures and initiatives focused on software modernization and interagency coordination while aiming to promote efficiency and innovation through the creation of cross-agency DOGE teams. |
1/20/2025 |
Social Issues |
This executive order directs federal agencies and federal employees to interpret "sex" solely as an immutable binary biological classification determined at conception. The order also requires all federal agencies to enforce sex-based rights, protections and accommodations using this definition of "sex." The presidential assistant for legislative affairs is directed to draft a "proposed codification" of the seven definitions as defined in the order. The order further directs the secretary of state and secretary of homeland security, along with the director of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), to require that all government-issued identification documents, including passports and federal employment records, reflect only biological "sex" as defined in the order. The order also instructs agencies to "evaluate grant conditions and grantee preferences" to ensure federal funds are not used to "promote gender ideology." It also instructs the secretary of housing and urban development (HUD) to prepare policies protecting women seeking single-sex rape shelters and requires the Bureau of Prisons to revise its medical care policies to correspond with the order's definition of sex. Agencies shall also ensure that intimate spaces designated for women/girls/females (or men/boys/males) are designated by the order's definition of sex and not identity. |
|
Ending Radical and Wasteful Government DEI Programs and Preferencing |
1/20/2025 |
Social Issues, Government Administration |
This executive order eliminates any and all "Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion" programs throughout the federal government. The termination includes "Chief Diversity Officers," "Equity Action Plans," "environmental justice" offices, equity-related grants/contracts, as well as Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI)/Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Accessibility (DEIA) performance requirements. The removal of these programs will be carried out by the director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), with assistance from the attorney general and the director of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Each agency, department or commission head will complete these actions within 60 days (by March 21, 2025). This order seeks to increase public relations between the federal government and the American people by cutting programs deemed wasteful and discriminatory. |
1/20/2025 |
Foreign Policy, Defense |
This executive order initiates the process of designating certain international cartels as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) to address the rise in violence and terror across the western hemisphere and the proliferation of dangerous drugs, criminals and gangs into the U.S. through the southern border. The order declares a national emergency, under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) to address the threat from cartels. |
|
1/20/2025 |
Immigration |
This executive order suspends entry into the U.S. through the southern border by individuals who fail to provide federal officials with sufficient medical information, criminal history and background information before entering the country until further notice. Nothing in this proclamation will affect the authority of an executive department/agency or the functions of the director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) relating to budgetary, administrative or legislative proposals. |
|
1/21/2025 |
Social Issues, Transportation |
This executive order suspends all diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, including those pertaining to recruitment and hiring, within the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It aims to establish capability, achievement and dedication as the basis for hiring and promoting practices within these federal agencies. |
|
Federal Recognition of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina |
1/23/2025 |
Native American Affairs |
This executive order directs the U.S. government to advance the full federal recognition of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, acknowledging their historical significance, cultural heritage and longstanding pursuit of federal acknowledgment. The secretary of the interior is tasked with developing a plan within 90 days to facilitate federal recognition of the Lumbee Tribe and must analyze legal pathways, consult tribal leadership and deliver strategies to ensure eligibility for federal benefits. While they have had recognition from the state of North Carolina since 1885 and partial recognition by the federal government under the 1956 Lumbee Act, the Lumbee Tribe has been denied full federal benefits associated with such recognition. |
Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence |
1/23/2025 |
Emerging Technology |
This executive order calls for the development of an "Artificial Intelligence (AI) Action Plan" to establish a policy agenda to ensure the U.S. maintains and strengthens its global AI dominance. It aims to promote economic competitiveness, bolster national security and prioritize AI systems free from "ideological bias and engineered social agendas." The order directs White House officials to review and modify or revoke existing policies and directives that inhibit AI innovation and leadership. The order follows an executive order issued by the Trump Administration on Jan. 20, 2025, rescinding the Biden Administration's Executive Order 14110 of Oct. 30, 2023 (Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence) (the Biden AI EO). |
Council to Assess the Federal Emergency Management Agency |
1/24/2025 |
Government Administration |
This executive order establishes the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Review Council to assess and recommend operations, efficacy and impartiality improvements to disaster response. Recent disasters such as Hurricane Helene exposed shortcomings in FEMA's ability to provide timely and equitable aid despite significant federal spending. Key objectives include evaluating FEMA's effectiveness, analyzing federal-state dynamics and identifying reform opportunities. The council will include up to 20 members chaired by the secretaries of defense and homeland security and submit a detailed report on potential FEMA reforms to the president within 180 days of its first meeting. |
Emergency Measures to Provide Water Resources in California and Improve Disaster Response in Certain Areas |
1/24/2025 |
Government Administration |
This executive order implements review and revision of federal and state programs to improve land and water management regarding the wildfires in Southern California. The Attorney General, along with the secretaries of defense, homeland security, commerce, interior and agriculture, will all ensure efficient use of water resources in Southern California and will report their authorities to the president within 15 days (by Feb. 8, 2025). The secretary of the interior, using the Bureau of Reclamation, shall increase water delivery and hydropower. The interior and commerce secretaries will designate a federal official to review state and federal laws that impede this project within 30 days (by Feb. 23, 2025) and create a proposal to handle the impediments. The director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) will review all state and federal programs in water management and land management to ensure sensible practices. This order will expedite options for housing relief, waste removal and using grants to improve fire preparedness. Finally, the order will house displaced families, clear and rebuild roads and bridges, and increase funds to help rebuild areas affected by Hurricane Helene in North Carolina. |
Enforcing the Hyde Amendment |
1/24/2025 |
Healthcare |
This executive order reestablishes the Hyde Amendment by revoking the Biden Administration's Executive Orders 14076 and 14079. The director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) shall create guidance for the implementation of the Hyde Amendment, which prevents federal funding of elective abortions. |
Memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Administrator of the United States for International Development |
1/24/2025 |
Defense |
This memorandum revokes the Protecting Women's Health at Home and Abroad Presidential Memorandum (Jan. 28, 2021) and reinstates The Mexico City Policy, Presidential Memorandum (Jan. 23, 2017). This directs the secretaries of state and health and human services to extend the requirements of this reinstated memorandum to global health assistance. This order also directs the secretary of state to ensure the U.S. does not fund organizations or programs that are a part of the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization. |
The National Day of Remembrance of the 80th Anniversary of the Liberation of Auschwitz, 2025 |
1/27/2025 |
|
This executive order proclaims Jan. 27, 2025, as a National Day of Remembrance of the 80th Anniversary of the Liberation of Auschwitz. President Trump calls on Americans to observe this day with programs, ceremonies and prayers commemorating the victims of the Holocaust and honor the sacrifices of those who helped liberate Auschwitz survivors. This order intends to combat anti-Semitism and religious bigotry. |
The Iron Dome for America |
1/27/2025 |
Defense |
This executive order directs the secretary of defense to develop an architectural plan for a missile defense shield, similar to the Iron Dome in Israel, to deter foreign aerial attacks and ensure second-strike capability. While developing an architectural plan for the system, the secretary is tasked with implementing next-generation technology to defend from a variety of missiles, develop a sensory layer and ensure a secure supply chain. This order also encourages U.S. allies to increase bilateral and multilateral cooperation on missile defense capabilities. |
Prioritizing Military Excellence and Readiness |
1/27/2025 |
Defense |
This executive order directs the U.S. Department of Defense to adhere to military service medical exemption standards by excluding individuals afflicted with physical or mental disorders from military service. Servicemen diagnosed with gender dysphoria and/or express a gender identity different than their sex assigned at birth via medical treatment and pronoun changes are named as specific subjects of this order. This order also directs the U.S. Armed Forces to prohibit biological males from using or sharing sleeping, changing or bathing facilities with their biological female counterparts. |
Restoring America's Fighting Force |
1/27/2025 |
Defense |
This executive order orders the cessation of all diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) programs within the U.S. Armed Forces to ensure impacted departments and military branches commit to the administration's goals of promoting meritocracy and eliminate race-based and sex-based discrimination. All DEI offices within impacted departments are to be abolished, and the secretary of defense will review all DEI practices and identify instances of discrimination, if necessary. |
Reinstating Service Members Discharged Under the Military's COVID-19 Vaccination Mandate |
1/27/2025 |
Defense, Health |
The secretary of defense issued a mandate on Aug. 24, 2021, requiring all service members to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. This executive order allows for the reinstatement of military personnel who were discharged for refusing the vaccine or left the service in response to the mandate. It allows these service members to return to their former rank and receive appropriate compensation. This action aims to address the unfair treatment of those who were unjustly discharged. |
Protecting Children from Chemical and Surgical Mutilation |
1/28/2025 |
Social Issues, Health |
This executive order declares it the policy of the U.S. to not fund, sponsor, promote, assist or support people under 19 years old in transitioning their sex. The executive order directs heads of certain executive departments, agencies and offices to take steps to prevent sex transitions by people under 19 years old. |
Expanding Educational Freedom and Opportunity for Families |
1/29/2025 |
Education |
This executive order aims to strengthen education-freedom programs in order to improve student achievement and foster competition among nearby public schools. The current educational system has had a devastating impact on families, communities and national competition. Seventy percent of 8th graders are below proficiency in reading and math, and school assignments based on geography drive up housing costs in districts with preferred schools. This order allows families to choose the best educational setting and school type for their children in order to address these issues. |
Ending Radical Indoctrination in K-12 Schooling |
1/29/2025 |
Education |
This executive order emphasizes the importance of schools providing a patriotic education that fosters admiration for American values. It also addresses the concern that schools are indoctrinating children with radical gender and race theories that force children to adopt victim or oppressor identities based on characteristics such as skin color, as well as question their gender identity and undergo irreversible procedures without parental consent. These practices undermine personal identity, family unity and parental authority, and often violate anti-discrimination civil rights laws. This order calls for the rescinding of federal funding for illegal and discriminatory practices in K-12 schools, ensures the protection of parental rights and promotes the advancement of patriotic education. |
Expanding Migrant Operations Center at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay to Full Capacity |
1/29/2025 |
Immigration, Defense |
This executive order directs the secretaries of defense and homeland security to operate the Migrant Operations Center at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay at full capacity to provide additional detention space for high-priority criminal aliens unlawfully present in the U.S., as well as address attendant immigration enforcement needs identified by the U.S. Departments of Defense and Homeland Security. These actions are intended to prevent further border crossings, combat criminal cartels and restore national sovereignty. |
Additional Measures to Combat Anti-Semitism |
1/29/2025 |
|
This executive order seeks to vigorously combat anti-Semitism by building upon Executive Order 13899, issued by President Trump in 2019 that helped enforce civil rights laws to ensure that American Jews are equally protected under the law. The Hamas terrorist attacks of Oct. 7, 2023, against the people of Israel sparked a wave of anti-Semitic discrimination, vandalism and violence against Jewish citizens, particularly in schools and campuses. This order seeks to hold perpetrators of anti-Semitic harassment and violence accountable and calls for the use of all necessary legal tools to prosecute and remove individuals involved in such actions. |
Limiting Lame-Duck Collective Bargaining Agreements That Improperly Attempt to Constrain the New President |
1/31/2025 |
Government Administration |
This executive order establishes new limits on collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) negotiated during the final 30 days of a presidential administration. Lame-duck CBAs negotiated shortly before a presidential transition are deemed undemocratic and obstructive, as they can impose inefficient policies on a new administration. The order aims to prevent outgoing administrations from binding incoming presidents to last-minute agreements that may hinder their policy agenda or executive authority. |
President Donald J. Trump Launches Massive 10-to-1 Deregulation Initiative |
1/31/2025 |
Government Administration |
This executive order establishes that the director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) will ensure that for every new rule, regulation or guidance issued, that agency must identify at least 10 existing rules, regulations or guidance documents to be repealed. This initiative builds upon the directive during President Trump's first term, which required two existing rules, regulations or guidance documents to be repealed for every new rule, regulation or guidance issued. Furthermore, this order requires that, for the fiscal year 2025, the total incremental cost of new regulations, including repealed, be significantly less than zero. |
President Donald J. Trump Imposes Tariffs on Imports from Canada, Mexico and China |
2/1/2025 |
Trade |
This executive order establishes 25 percent tariffs on all products from Canada and Mexico, and a 10 percent tariff on all products from China. The one exception listed is energy resources from Canada, which will have a decreased 10 percent tariff. These tariffs are applied based on national emergency powers under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and states that these tariffs are until the fentanyl crisis is alleviated. The tariff placed on China is in response to intellectual property theft, forced technology transfer and other unreasonable behavior. The order states that tariffs will be more beneficial than harmful, given that the other countries have a higher percentage of trade in their respective gross domestic products. |
Progress on the Situation at Our Southern Border |
2/3/2025 |
Trade |
This executive order temporarily pauses the 25 percent ad valorem rates of duty on the Government of Mexico until March 4, 2025, due to Mexico's agreement to combat illegal immigration and illicit drug trafficking. During this period, the administration will assess whether Mexico has taken sufficient action to warrant a continued pause on tariffs. |
Progress on the Situation at Our Northen Border |
2/3/2025 |
Trade |
This executive order revises the administration's previous imposition of 25 percent ad valorem rates of duty and 10 percent ad valorem rates of duty as to energy products on the Republic of Canada. Given the Canadian government's immediate actions to cooperate on immigration and drug trade policy with the U.S., the administration decided to pause the tariffs until March 4, 2025. |
A Plan for Establishing a United States Sovereign Wealth Fund |
2/3/2025 |
Finance, Government Administration |
This executive order directs the federal government to establish a sovereign wealth fund, aiming to promote fiscal sustainability and lessen the burden of taxpayers. The order tasks the secretaries of treasury and commerce and the president's economic policy advisor to develop a plan, including recommendations for funding mechanisms, investment strategies, fund structure and a governance model. The plan should also include an evaluation of the legal considerations of establishing the fund. |
Withdrawing the United States from and Ending Funding to Certain United Nations Organizations and Reviewing United States Support to All International Organizations |
2/4/2025 |
Foreign Policy |
This executive order states that the U.S. will not participate in the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) and will not seek election to that body. The secretary of state will conduct a review of the U.S.'s membership in the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) within 90 days of the order, specifically including analysis of any anti-Semitism or anti-Israel sentiment within the UNESCO. The U.S. will also not use any funds for the U.N. Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). Within 180 days of the order, the secretary of state and the U.N. Ambassador will review all international intergovernmental organizations the U.S. is a part of and provide types of funding or support. The review will assess if these organizations, conventions and treaties are contrary to the interests of the U.S. and whether they can be reformed. The secretary of state will also inform the U.N. secretary general and leadership of the UNRWA and U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights that the U.S. is no longer funding the UNRWA or UNHRC, and the U.S. also will not satisfy any claim to pay 2025 assessments or prior arrears by these organizations. |